Propagation and Antenna

Course Title: Propagation and Antenna

Course No: ENEX 303

Nature of the Course: Theory + Lab

Semester: 5

Full Marks: 60 + 40 + 25

Pass Marks: 24 + 16 + 8

Credit Hours: 3

Course Description

This course provides a comprehensive understanding of electromagnetic wave propagation and the working principles of various types of antennas, emphasizing their characteristics, design considerations, and applications in modern communication systems.

Course Objectives

To provide a comprehensive understanding of electromagnetic wave propagation and the working principles of various types of antennas, emphasizing their characteristics, design considerations, and applications in modern communication systems.

Course Contents

1. Introduction

6 hrs

1.1. Radiation phenomena in a conductor

1.2. Function of antenna

1.3. Retarded potentials: EM wave generation and propagation

1.4. Radiated electric and magnetic fields in EM wave

1.5. Radiation patterns and input impedance of very short dipole, short dipole and long dipoles

1.6. Antenna theorems

Reciprocity theorem

Superposition theorem

Thevenin theorem

Maximum power transfer theorem

Compensation theorem

Equality of directional patterns

Equivalence of receiving and transmitting impedances

2. Basic Antenna Parameters and Arrays

7 hrs

2.1. Antenna parameters

2.2. Pattern multiplications

2.3. Two dimensional antenna arrays

Broadside arrays

End fire arrays

Parasitic arrays

Collinear arrays

2.4. Arrays of two point sources

With equal amplitude and same phase

With equal amplitude and opposite phase

With equal amplitude and quadrature phase

With any amplitude and any phase

3. Antenna Classifications

12 hrs

3.1. Electromagnetic spectrum

3.2. Criteria for antenna design

3.3. Isotropic antenna

3.4. Omnidirectional antennas

3.5. Directional antennas

3.6. Travelling and standing wave antennas: Long wire antenna, vee antennas, rhombic antenna

3.7. Wired antennas: Monopole and dipole antennas, Yagi-Uda antenna, log-periodic antenna, loop antenna, helix antenna

3.8. Reflector antennas: Small plane sheet and large plane sheet; Linear and corner types

3.9. Aperture antennas: Horn antennas types, parabolic antenna types

3.10. Advanced antennas: Microstrip antenna and smart antennas

4. Propagation and Radio Frequency Spectrum

7 hrs

4.1. Radio frequency spectrum

4.2. Ground wave

4.3. Ground reflected wave and duct propagation

4.4. Space wave

4.5. Sky wave and ionospheric layers

4.6. Maximum usable frequency (MUF)

4.7. Critical frequency and skip distance

5. Propagation between Antennas

6 hrs

5.1. Propagation of radio waves

5.2. Propagation characteristics of different band of frequencies

5.3. MW, SW, VHF, UHF and SHF band characteristics

5.4. Propagation models: Free space, two-ray and multi-path models

5.5. Free space propagation

5.6. Fresnel zones and knife edge diffraction

6. Link Budget

7 hrs

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Friss transmission equation

6.3. EIRP and free space loss calculation

6.4. Link budget calculations

Uplink calculation

Down-link calculation

Laboratory Works

Practical sessions involving realization and polar plots of various antenna types including dipole, long wire, vee, rhombic, Yagi-Uda, horn, and reflector antennas, along with visual observation of radio and TV stations.

1.To realize and polar plots of dipole antenna, dipole with directors and reflector
2.To realize and polar plots of long wire and vee antenna
3.To realize and polar plots of rhombic antenna
4.To realize and polar plots of Yagi-Uda antenna
5.To realize and polar plots of horn antenna
6.To realize and polar plots of reflector antenna
7.Visual presentation/observation of radio, TV stations and cable operators/ISPs

Reference Books

1.Kraus, J. D. (1950). Antenna (Latest Edition). McGraw-Hill.
2.Balanis, C. A. (2016). Antenna theory: Analysis and design. John Wiley & Sons.
3.Collins, R. E. (1985). Antennas and radiowave propagation (Latest Edition). McGraw-Hill.
4.Gautam, A. K. (2010). Antenna and wave propagation. S. K. Kataria & Sons.

Notes:

This syllabus follows the official BEI curriculum of Tribhuwan University. In case of any doubt or revision, the university's published syllabus shall be considered authoritative.

https://ioe.tu.edu.np/pages/electronics-engineering-curriculum-structure-2660

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