Biomedical Instrumentation

Course Title: Biomedical Instrumentation

Course No: ENEX 325

Nature of the Course: Theory + Lab

Semester: 5

Full Marks: 60 + 40 + 25

Pass Marks: 24 + 16 + 8

Credit Hours: 3

Course Description

This course provides a comprehensive understanding of biomedical engineering principles, medical instrumentation, and biomedical devices used in healthcare. It focuses on the design, operation, maintenance, and applications of medical instruments for diagnosis, patient monitoring, and therapy.

Course Objectives

The objective of this course is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principles, methodologies, and instrumentation used in biomedical engineering. It emphasizes the design, operation, and maintenance of various biomedical instruments, along with their applications in medical diagnosis, monitoring, and therapy.

Course Contents

1. Fundamental of Medical Instrumentation

2 hrs10 marks

1.1. Biomedical engineering and scope

1.2. Biometrics and design consideration factors

1.3. Man instrument system and their objectives

1.4. Components of man instrument system

2. Bioelectric Signals and Electrodes

2 hrs10 marks

2.1. Body system and bioelectric phenomenon

2.2. Sources of bioelectric signals

2.3. Resting and action potentials

2.4. Electrode theory and their equivalent circuits

2.5. Types of biopotential electrodes

2.6. Application of electrodes in medical instrumentation

3. Physiological Transducers

2 hrs10 marks

3.1. Classification of transducers

3.2. Performance characteristics of transducers

3.3. Active transducers and their application in medical instruments

3.4. Passive transducers and their types used in medical instruments

4. Bioelectric Signals Measurement and Recording System

5 hrs6 marks

4.1. Aspects of bioelectric signals

4.2. Electrocardiography (ECG)

Normal characteristics of electrocardiogram

ECG lead configuration and recording techniques

Computer aided electrocardiograph analysis

4.3. Electroencephalography (EEG)

Electroencephalogram and evoked potential

EEG preamplifier design

EEG electrode configuration and recording techniques

Practical details of EEG

4.4. Electromyography (EMG)

Electromyography recording technique

Applications of EMG

5. Non-Invasive Diagnostic Instruments

10 hrs10 marks

5.1. Blood flow measurement

Magnetic blood flow meter

Ultrasonic blood flow meter

Blood flow measurement by radiographic method

5.2. Diagnostic medical imaging system

Radiographic imaging system: principle of generation of X-rays and its medical properties; Functional X-ray machine; Biological effects of X-rays

Ultrasonography imaging system

Computer tomography (CT-Scan) system

Magnetic resonance imaging system (MRI)

Nuclear medicine machine

6. Therapeutic Instruments

4 hrs10 marks

6.1. Cardiac pacemaker

6.2. Defibrillator machine

6.3. Function of kidneys

6.4. Principle of artificial kidneys

6.5. Hemodialysis machine

6.6. Lithotripter machine and its principle

7. Biomedical Telemetry and Telemedicine

2 hrs10 marks

7.1. Wireless telemetry

7.2. Single channel telemetry system

7.3. Multi channel telemetry

7.4. Telemedicine using mobile communication equipment

8. Ventilators

15 hrs20 marks

8.1. Mechanism of respiration

Types and classification of ventilators

Artificial ventilation

ICU ventilators

Types of ventilators

Ventilators terms

Modern ventilators

8.2. Anesthesia machines

Need for anesthesia

Anesthesia machine, its types and electronics

8.3. Blood gas analyzers and blood cell counters

Principle of measurements of blood gas analyzers, circuit diagram and clinical applications

Micro cell counters and its types

8.4. Patient monitoring systems

Overview and system concept

Cardiac monitor

Bed side ICU patient monitoring systems

Central monitors

9. Electrical Safety of Medical Equipment

3 hrs4 marks

9.1. Physiological effects of electricity

9.2. Leakage currents and methods of accident prevention

9.3. Micro shocks and macro shocks hazards

9.4. Electrical safety codes and standards

9.5. Special safety measures for electrical susceptible patients

9.6. Power distribution and protection system of the hospital

Laboratory Works

Practical exercises include laboratory work based on portable medical devices (sensors/transducers), hands-on with medical instruments such as Pulse Oximeter and ECG Machine, patient monitor and clinical devices, and observation/inspection visits to medical institutions or hospitals with submission of inspection report. (15 hours)

1.Laboratory/ practical exercises based on portable medical devices (Sensors/transducers)
2.Practical on medical instruments Pulse Oximeter, ECG Machine, clinical based equipment in the lab
3.Practical on medical instruments patient monitor and devices, clinical based equipment in the lab
4.Observation and Inspection visit of different medical equipment to medical institution or hospitals and submission of inspection report

Text Books

1.Webster, J.G. (1997). Medical instrumentation: Application and design (Latest edition). John Wiley & Sons.
2.Cromwell, L., Weibell, F.J., Pfeiffer, E.A. (1980). Biomedical instrumentation and measurements (Latest edition). Prentice-Hall.
3.Khandpur, R.S. (2004). Biomedical instrumentation: Technology and applications. McGraw-Hill.
4.Paul, S., Saikia, A., Majhi, V., Pandey, V.K. (2022). Introduction to biomedical instrumentation and its applications. Academic Press.

Notes:

This syllabus follows the official BEI curriculum of Tribhuvan University. In case of any doubt or revision, the university’s published syllabus shall be considered authoritative. https://ioe.tu.edu.np/pages/electronics-engineering-curriculum-structure-2660

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